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=== <big>A brief history of Simon Lake</big> ===
=== <big>A brief history of Simon Lake</big> ===
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">American inventor and engineer Simon Lake of New Jersey, later of Connecticut, was one of the great early pioneers in the development of submarines. He ranks right up there with John Holland, Narcis Monturiol, Thorsten Nordenfelt, Horace Hunley, and Gustave Zede in his influence on the development of the modern submarine. He was a brilliant engineer and visionary, who was inspired by the works of author Jules Verne. The fascination with Verne and his ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' would drive his engineering philosophy for nearly the rest of his life.</span><br><br>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Lake began his life long pursuit of submarine technology in 1894, when he built his first boat, the wooden hulled, slab-sided Argonaut Junior. He followed this up four years later with the much more advanced metal hulled Argonaut 1. During this time he entered into an intense rivalry with his contemporary John P. Holland to design, build, and sell submarines to a newly interested United States Navy.</span><br><br>
[[File:Simon.Lake.jpg|left|250px]]
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Lake was highly influenced in his work by the Vernian ideals of submarine operations. He saw submarines chiefly in the exploration role, fulfilling a military function only as an aside. He saw his submarines as sailing on the surface to their operating area, diving to the bottom, then rolling along on wheels to a worksite. Suited divers would then emerge from a hatch in the bottom and perform the boat's mission. He was quite stubborn in this vision, and it drove much of his design work. Unfortunately, this vision was not shared by his primary customer, the United States Navy, who saw submarines primarily as a weapon, a mobile minefield upon which an attacking enemy force could be impaled on.</span><br><br>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">American inventor and engineer Simon Lake of New Jersey, later of Connecticut, was one of the great early pioneers in the development of submarines. He ranks right up there with John Holland, Narcis Monturiol, Thorsten Nordenfelt, Horace Hunley, and Gustave Zede in his influence on the development of the modern submarine. He was a brilliant engineer and visionary, who was inspired by the works of author Jules Verne. The famous author, through no fault of his own, was largely ignorant of the rigors and dangers of underwater exploration and thus portrayed the voyages of Captain Nemo in ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' in a rather naive and romantic fashion. Lake bought into the Verne vision wholesale and that fascination would drive his engineering philosophy for the rest of his life.
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">To aid in his quest to sell submarines to the USN, Lake also developed the idea of submerging a submarine on a level plane, with a zero angle (sometimes called "even keel diving"). Holland used stern mounted diving planes and the power of the propeller to angle the boat downward and push it under, with surfacing being the opposite operation. Lake felt that this was too dangerous. If the crew lost control of the angle the boat could quickly exceed its hull strength depth and be destroyed. He emphasized the use of multiple sets of planes mounted amidships to ease the boat downward while maintaining a zero angle.</span><br><br>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Although a brilliant engineer, Lake possessed two qualities that tended earn him scorn and mistrust rather than the praise and lucrative USN contracts that he desired. He was quite stubborn in his beliefs about how submarines should be operated, and he refused to tolerate any challenge to those ideals. This stubbornness caused him to be quite outspoken when things did not go his way, earning him a reputation as a pariah. Secondly, despite his acknowledged talent as an engineer, Lake was a poor businessman and organizer. His shipyard was chronically underfunded and poorly managed, and thus his profit margin was quite low, and at times non-existent. Despite numerous attempts, Lake was unable to sell a submarine to the USN until 1912. He had been marginally more successful in the overseas market, but he struggled with the USN until this point. The acceptance of his [[G-1|'''submarine G-1''']] seemed to clear the log-jam for a bit, and over the next 10 years he sold a number of boats to the USN. However, the Navy never really liked his designs. They were mechanically and operationally complex, they had features that the Navy didn't like such as midships diving planes and watertight superstructures, and because of his poor management his boats were usually very late in delivery and lacking in construction quality. Finally tired of his business drama, the USN awarded Lake no more contracts after 1922 and his shipyard went out of business for good in 1924.</span><br><br>
Lake began his life long pursuit of submarine technology in 1894, when he built his first boat, the wooden hulled, slab-sided Argonaut Junior. He followed this up four years later with the much more advanced metal hulled Argonaut 1. During this time he entered into an intense rivalry with his contemporary John P. Holland to design, build, and sell submarines to a newly interested United States Navy.
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">This page will highlight some of the submarine work that Simon Lake did that ''was not'' accepted by the United States Navy. These boats, although never commissioned as warships in the USN, still were quite important in advancing the state of the art of submarine design and construction in the United States. The submarines that Lake built that were commissioned by the Navy will have their own pages under the Submarine Classes heading.</span><br><br>
Lake's vision was for submarines to operate chiefly in an exploration role, fulfilling a military function only as an aside. His operational concept had his submarines sailing on the surface to their operating area, diving to the bottom, then rolling along on wheels to a worksite. Suited divers would then emerge from a hatch in the bottom and perform the boat's mission. His insistence on this operating mode reflected his fascination with Verne, but also betrayed his naivete’ concerning the ease of rolling a submarine along on a bottom that could be littered with boulders or was several feet deep in thick and sticky mud. Using divers as a "weapon" also limited the boat's offensive depth capability, which made the boat vulnerable to counter-attack if detected in shallow water. He was quite stubborn in this vision, and it drove much of his design work. Unfortunately, this concept was not shared by his primary customer, the United States Navy, who understandably saw submarines primarily as a weapon, a mobile minefield upon which an attacking enemy force could be impaled on. Exploration was seen as a secondary role at best. This dichotomy in design philosophy often put Lake and his only real customer at odds with each other.
To aid in his quest to sell submarines to the USN, Lake also developed the idea of submerging a submarine on a level plane, with a zero angle (sometimes called "even keel diving"). Holland used stern mounted diving planes and the power of the propeller to angle the boat downward and push it under, with surfacing being the opposite operation. Lake felt that this was too dangerous. If the crew lost control of the angle the boat could quickly exceed its hull strength depth and be destroyed. He emphasized the use of multiple sets of planes mounted amidships to ease the boat downward while maintaining a zero angle. While seemingly a great concept on paper, there were too many variables that could not be accounted for at the time. The fore and aft trim had to be perfect, which was very difficult to achieve with the manual ballasting systems of the day. The physics of having your planes to close to the pivot point, the hydrodynamic effects of water on the hull (which acted as its own plane), and the overly complicated control systems designed by Lake all made this maneuver difficult to execute. In many cases a Lake submarine ended up diving with a down angle despite their efforts. The Navy standardized its training on the EB-style angled diving technique, and Lake eventually abandoned zero angle diving.
Although a brilliant engineer, Lake possessed two qualities that tended earn him scorn and mistrust rather than the praise and lucrative USN contracts that he desired. He was quite stubborn in his beliefs about how submarines should be operated, and he refused to tolerate any challenge to those ideals. This stubbornness caused him to be quite outspoken when things did not go his way, earning him a reputation as a pariah. Secondly, despite his acknowledged talent as an engineer, Lake was a poor businessman and organizer. His shipyard was chronically underfunded and poorly managed, and thus his profit margin was quite low, and at times non-existent. Despite numerous attempts, Lake was unable to sell a submarine to the USN until 1912. He had been marginally more successful in the overseas market, but he struggled with the USN until this point. The acceptance of his [[G-1|'''submarine G-1''']] seemed to clear the log-jam for a bit, and over the next 10 years he sold a number of boats to the USN. However, the Navy never really liked his designs. They were mechanically and operationally complex, and they had features that the Navy didn't like such as midships diving planes and watertight superstructures. Because of his poor management his boats were usually very late in delivery and lacking in construction quality. He perpetually struggled to make a profit and was often heavily in debt. Finally tired of his business drama, the USN awarded Lake no more contracts after 1922 and his shipyard went out of business for good in 1924.
Lake continued to be a presence in the submarine engineering community, and he was chosen by Sir Hubert Wilkins in 1930 to convert a [[O-12|'''decommissioned Lake design O-class submarine''']] for an Arctic voyage (see below). Lake's romantic exploration mindset and his Vernian fascination heavily influenced his work on the Arctic submarine, with many of the features and contraptions that he installed being ultimately shown to be impractical or worthless.
This page will highlight some of the submarine work that Simon Lake did that ''was not'' accepted by the United States Navy. These boats, although never commissioned as warships in the USN, still were quite important in advancing the state of the art of submarine design and construction in the United States. The submarines that Lake built that were commissioned by the Navy will have their own pages under the Submarine Classes heading.
[[File:Lake Argonaut_Junior.jpg|left|500px|<small>Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.org</small>]]
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">This is Simon Lake's first submarine, the wooden and canvas hulled Argonaut Jr. It was 14 feet long with a four foot beam. Built entirely by hand it had two layers of yellow pine boards that sandwiched a rubberized canvas sheath that made it watertight. It had no engine or means of propulsion. It would sink to the bottom and rest on its wheels. Operators inside would hand crank the wheels to move it along the bottom. It also had a diver lock-out chamber. More than anything else it was a proof of concept vessel that gained Lake enough recognition that he was able to secure funding for a much more ambitious follow-on vessel.
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">This is Simon Lake's first submarine, the wooden and canvas hulled Argonaut Jr. It was 14 feet long with a four foot beam. Built entirely by hand it had two layers of yellow pine boards that sandwiched a rubberized canvas sheath that made it watertight. It had no engine or means of propulsion. It would sink to the bottom and rest on its wheels. Operators inside would hand crank the wheels to move it along the bottom. It also had a diver lock-out chamber. More than anything else it was a proof of concept vessel that gained Lake enough recognition that he was able to secure funding for a much more ambitious follow-on vessel.
<small>Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.org</small>
In 2010, an Oklahoma couple built a fully functional replica of the Argonaut Jr. and successfully tested it in a local lake. They did an amazing job for amateurs and their boat looks incredible. For their full story [https://argonautjr.com/ '''go to their website here.''']
[[File:Argonaut I on the ways TSIWAP.jpg|left|500px|<small>Photo from the book ''The Submarine in War and Peace'' by Simon Lake, courtesy of Project Gutenberg.</small>]]
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Having secured investor funding, Lake built a follow-on vessel that he named simply Argonaut. It was a tremendous advance over the primitive Argonaut Jr. 36 feet long with a 9 foot beam and metal hulled, it was powered by a 30 hp White & Middleton gasoline engine. It also proved to be amazingly seaworthy, racking up over 2,000 miles of surface and submerged running, including an open-ocean transit from Cape May to Sandy Hook, NJ. It had wheels for rolling along the bottom and again a diver lockout chamber. From a military standpoint Lake marketed it as being able to stealthily enter a minefield, send a diver out, and cut mine cables. The same diver would also be able to gather intelligence on other underwater defenses and conduct salvage work. It had no other offensive capability.
This photo shows Argonaut I on the building ways at the Columbian Iron Works, summer of 1896. The facility was at Locust Point, near Fort McHenry, in Baltimore, Maryland. The large forward wheels and view ports at the bow are very apparent. Just below the forward view ports and between the wooden cribbing would be the diver's hatch.
[[File:Argonaut II.jpg|left|500px|Photo from the old simonlake.com site, now on the Internet Archive]]
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Having secured investor funding, Lake built a follow-on vessel that He named Argonaut 1. Metal hulled and powered by a 30 hp gasoline engine, it was a tremendous advance over the Argonaut Jr. It also proved to be amazingly seaworthy, racking up over 2,000 miles of surface and submerged running, including an open-ocean transit from Cape May to Sandy Hook, NJ. It had wheels for rolling along the bottom and again a diver lockout chamber. From a military standpoint Lake marketed it as being able to stealthily enter a minefield, send a diver out, and cut mine cables. The same diver would also be able to gather intelligence on other underwater defenses and conduct salvage work. It had no other offensive capability. Pitched to the Navy, Lake failed to impress them with the boat's capabilities and the Navy did not buy it. Refusing to give up on the idea of rolling along the bottom, Simon Lake continued to build submarines with wheels up through 1909, when he built the [[G-1|'''G-1 (Submarine No. 19½)''']] for the Navy. The Navy however, was never impressed with the capability and refused to buy any more submarines with wheels. The concept died with G-1, only to be ironically revived by the nuclear-powered special operations submarine NR-1 in 1969.
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Lake quickly realized the limitations of the original Argonaut design. In late 1898 he took the boat in hand for extensive modifications. Significantly, he lengthened the boat by 24 feet, and installed a much more powerful 60 hp White & Middleton engine, with a smaller four hp auxiliary engine as a supplement. With the idea that the boat would be routinely capable of off shore operations he also completely rebuilt the superstructure topside, giving it a rounded schooner shape. This superstructure would make the boat far more seaworthy while surfaced, but would be free-flooding while submerged. The two large front wheels were reduced in size (not yet installed in this view) and a pressure proof searchlight was added to the lower bow.
This photo shows Argonaut 1 in drydock at the Columbian Iron Works facility at Locust Point, near Fort McHenry, in Baltimore, Maryland in approximately 1898. The large forward wheels and viewports at the bow are very apparent. Just below the forward viewports is the open diver's hatch.
Renamed Argonaut II, this photo shows the boat in her new guise, hauled out in 1899 near the end of the modification period. This is likely at the J.N. Robins Co. yard in Brooklyn, NY where the conversion work was done, although the background seems to be somewhat suspect. The lengthened rounded pressure hull is visible below the new superstructure.
It is interesting to note that there is another submarine in the dock with the Argonaut. Behind her is the Holland submarine Plunger of 1895, also known as the Holland V. It was an experimental submarine built by Holland under a Navy contract. Steam boiler powered, it was a complete failure and it was never accepted by the Navy or commissioned into service. Never completely finished it lingered at the Holland facility at New Suffolk, NY until it was scrapped in 1917.
Note the complete lack of diving planes. Without them it would be very nearly impossible to control the boat while submerged. However, Lake's standard operating procedure was to sail on the surface to his operating area, released anchors from the bottom of the boat, trim it to neutral or slightly negative buoyancy, then pull it down to the bottom. It would then roll along the bottom on its wheels to the work site.
[[File:Protector launch TSIWAP.jpg|left|500px|Photo from the book ''The Submarine in War and Peace'' by Simon Lake, courtesy of Project Gutenberg.]]
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Lake's Protector of 1901. A significant advance over Argonaut 1, Protector had more powerful engines and motor, and three torpedo tubes. It also had Lake's standard wheels and diving chamber. Protector was the first Lake boat that incorporated his zero-angle diving method (also called "even keel diving") using amidships diving planes. He tried to sell it to the Navy, but it was rejected because the Navy had already committed funds to buy the Holland/Electric Boat designed [[A-class|'''A-class''']] boats. Unable to arouse interest in this boat in the U.S. and desperately needing the cash influx, Lake sold the boat to Russia, who renamed it Osetr. Five additional copies were built in Russia.
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Lake's Protector on the building ways at the Lake yard in Bridgeport, CT., summer 1901. One of her two 18-inch bow torpedo tubes can be seen on the left, with the single stern tube just visible on the right. The two port side midships diving planes are visible at the edge of the superstructure, protected by guards. The large squared conning tower is amidships. This is not a fairwater but the actual pressurized conning tower itself. Not seen in this photo are the two retractable wheels mounted on the keel for bottom running. The lower hatch for the diver's lockout chamber is similarly hidden in this view, on the keel below the bow torpedo tubes.</span>
This photo was most likely taken shortly after her completion in late 1902. The location is near his company yard in Bridgeport, CT. Note guards at side of vessel to protect the diving planes from damage.</span>
[[Protector1|See more Protector photos]]
[[Protector1|See more Protector photos]]
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=== <big>Simon Lake XV/Lake/Defender</big> ===
=== <big>Simon Lake XV/Lake/Defender</big> ===
</div>
</div>
[[File:the lake docked-cleaned.jpg|left|500px|Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman.]]
[[File:The Lake docked Remastered 2A.jpg|left|500px|Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman. MAY NOT be reproduced without permission.]]
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">After selling Protector to the Russians, Simon Lake headed to Europe for several years, designing and building submarines for Austria and Russia. Lake returned to the states in 1906, goaded into building a submarine for demonstration to the Navy by the 1906 Naval Appropriations Bill that allocated $500,000 in money for submarines. The result was this submarine, initially called Simon Lake XV, then simply Lake. Entered into the competition against the Electric Boat design [[C-1|'''Octopus (Submarine No. 9)''']], the Lake lost the competition. Refusing to give up Lake rebuilt the boat into a salvage vessel and renamed it Defender. It is a strange tale and the whole story can be
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">After selling Protector to the Russians, Simon Lake headed to Europe for several years, designing and building submarines for Austria and Russia. Lake returned to the states in 1906, goaded into building a submarine for demonstration to the Navy by the 1906 Naval Appropriations Bill that allocated $500,000 in funds for submarines. The result was this submarine, initially called Simon Lake XV, then simply Lake. Entered into the competition against the Electric Boat design [[C-1|'''Octopus (Submarine No. 9)''']], the Lake lost the competition. Refusing to give up Lake rebuilt the boat into a salvage vessel and renamed it Defender. It is a strange tale and the whole story can be [https://pigboats.com/images/5/5e/Lake_submarine_of_1906.pdf '''read at the article at this link.''']
This photo shows the Lake moored during the 1906 competition with the Octopus. Her broad, flat deck is quite apparent. Note the unusual oblong torpedo loading hatch and the guard rails protecting the amidships diving planes. She had a helm atop the conning tower and a type of a periscope that Simon Lake called an "omniscope".
This is a very rare photo that is exclusive to PigBoats.COM. Originally it was a postcard that was acquired by Ric Hedman. It had black postal marks on it that partially obscured the image. After being scanned electronically it was painstakingly restored by PigBoats associate Matthew Tripp. The result is an unique look into American submarine history.
[[File:Nautilus under ice.jpg|left|500px|A still from the Mustard Channel video "What Happened to the Nautilus?", courtesy of the Mustard Channel]]
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">In July, 1930, renowned explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins, the leader of the Wilkins-Ellsworth Trans-Arctic Expedition, contracted with Simon Lake to convert one of his O-class submarines that he had built for the Navy to a submarine capable of exploring under the Arctic sea ice, with the intention of going all the way to the North Pole. The Navy leased the decommissioned ex-USS O-12 (SS-73) to the expedition and she was taken in hand by Lake to be converted into a boat capable of the audacious task. After completion of extensive modifications in the summer, fall, and winter of 1930/31, Wilkins and his all-civilian crew lead by Sloan Danenhower (a former USN submarine captain and now an associate of Lake's) took the boat, renamed Nautilus, to the Arctic and made an attempt to reach the pole. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the story of the expedition is one of grit and determination, and an exciting story of exploration.
PigBoats.COM has a collection of drawings and photographs of the boat and the men who sailed her to the Arctic, along with a link to an excellent video that covers the expedition in depth. Those [[Wilkins Arctic Submarine Nautilus|'''can be found here.''']] In addition, Ric has recreated verbatim [[Danenhower Arctic expedition article|'''a newspaper article written by Sloan Danenhower''']] in March 1931 that describes the technical aspects of the Nautilus and their plans for the voyage.
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#00008B">Although the Lake Torpedo Boat Company had closed its doors for good in 1924, Simon Lake continued to tinker with underwater technology projects for the remainder of his life. This boat is called Explorer and was a privately funded project by Lake built in 1932. It was strictly for exploration and salvage and was not a military craft. Going back to his roots Lake equipped it with wheels and a diver lockout chamber. It also had a mechanical arm to gather samples. It was very small and limited in its performance, and had its power and air supplied by a hose and cable connection to a mother ship on the surface. It was really a semi-mobile diving chamber as opposed to a full submarine. Noted naturalist and oceanographer Dr. William Beebe made a dive in her in 1933. Not much else is known about how this boat was used, and it eventually fell into obscurity after Lake's death in 1945. It was eventually rescued and restored, and is currently on display in Milford, CT. For more information on the Explorer, please see [https://cyberneticzoo.com/underwater-robotics/1931-3-explorer-submersible-simon-lake-american/ '''this link.''']</span>
American inventor and engineer Simon Lake of New Jersey, later of Connecticut, was one of the great early pioneers in the development of submarines. He ranks right up there with John Holland, Narcis Monturiol, Thorsten Nordenfelt, Horace Hunley, and Gustave Zede in his influence on the development of the modern submarine. He was a brilliant engineer and visionary, who was inspired by the works of author Jules Verne. The famous author, through no fault of his own, was largely ignorant of the rigors and dangers of underwater exploration and thus portrayed the voyages of Captain Nemo in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea in a rather naive and romantic fashion. Lake bought into the Verne vision wholesale and that fascination would drive his engineering philosophy for the rest of his life.
Lake began his life long pursuit of submarine technology in 1894, when he built his first boat, the wooden hulled, slab-sided Argonaut Junior. He followed this up four years later with the much more advanced metal hulled Argonaut 1. During this time he entered into an intense rivalry with his contemporary John P. Holland to design, build, and sell submarines to a newly interested United States Navy.
Lake's vision was for submarines to operate chiefly in an exploration role, fulfilling a military function only as an aside. His operational concept had his submarines sailing on the surface to their operating area, diving to the bottom, then rolling along on wheels to a worksite. Suited divers would then emerge from a hatch in the bottom and perform the boat's mission. His insistence on this operating mode reflected his fascination with Verne, but also betrayed his naivete’ concerning the ease of rolling a submarine along on a bottom that could be littered with boulders or was several feet deep in thick and sticky mud. Using divers as a "weapon" also limited the boat's offensive depth capability, which made the boat vulnerable to counter-attack if detected in shallow water. He was quite stubborn in this vision, and it drove much of his design work. Unfortunately, this concept was not shared by his primary customer, the United States Navy, who understandably saw submarines primarily as a weapon, a mobile minefield upon which an attacking enemy force could be impaled on. Exploration was seen as a secondary role at best. This dichotomy in design philosophy often put Lake and his only real customer at odds with each other.
To aid in his quest to sell submarines to the USN, Lake also developed the idea of submerging a submarine on a level plane, with a zero angle (sometimes called "even keel diving"). Holland used stern mounted diving planes and the power of the propeller to angle the boat downward and push it under, with surfacing being the opposite operation. Lake felt that this was too dangerous. If the crew lost control of the angle the boat could quickly exceed its hull strength depth and be destroyed. He emphasized the use of multiple sets of planes mounted amidships to ease the boat downward while maintaining a zero angle. While seemingly a great concept on paper, there were too many variables that could not be accounted for at the time. The fore and aft trim had to be perfect, which was very difficult to achieve with the manual ballasting systems of the day. The physics of having your planes to close to the pivot point, the hydrodynamic effects of water on the hull (which acted as its own plane), and the overly complicated control systems designed by Lake all made this maneuver difficult to execute. In many cases a Lake submarine ended up diving with a down angle despite their efforts. The Navy standardized its training on the EB-style angled diving technique, and Lake eventually abandoned zero angle diving.
Although a brilliant engineer, Lake possessed two qualities that tended earn him scorn and mistrust rather than the praise and lucrative USN contracts that he desired. He was quite stubborn in his beliefs about how submarines should be operated, and he refused to tolerate any challenge to those ideals. This stubbornness caused him to be quite outspoken when things did not go his way, earning him a reputation as a pariah. Secondly, despite his acknowledged talent as an engineer, Lake was a poor businessman and organizer. His shipyard was chronically underfunded and poorly managed, and thus his profit margin was quite low, and at times non-existent. Despite numerous attempts, Lake was unable to sell a submarine to the USN until 1912. He had been marginally more successful in the overseas market, but he struggled with the USN until this point. The acceptance of his submarine G-1 seemed to clear the log-jam for a bit, and over the next 10 years he sold a number of boats to the USN. However, the Navy never really liked his designs. They were mechanically and operationally complex, and they had features that the Navy didn't like such as midships diving planes and watertight superstructures. Because of his poor management his boats were usually very late in delivery and lacking in construction quality. He perpetually struggled to make a profit and was often heavily in debt. Finally tired of his business drama, the USN awarded Lake no more contracts after 1922 and his shipyard went out of business for good in 1924.
Lake continued to be a presence in the submarine engineering community, and he was chosen by Sir Hubert Wilkins in 1930 to convert a decommissioned Lake design O-class submarine for an Arctic voyage (see below). Lake's romantic exploration mindset and his Vernian fascination heavily influenced his work on the Arctic submarine, with many of the features and contraptions that he installed being ultimately shown to be impractical or worthless.
This page will highlight some of the submarine work that Simon Lake did that was not accepted by the United States Navy. These boats, although never commissioned as warships in the USN, still were quite important in advancing the state of the art of submarine design and construction in the United States. The submarines that Lake built that were commissioned by the Navy will have their own pages under the Submarine Classes heading.
Argonaut Junior
Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.org
This is Simon Lake's first submarine, the wooden and canvas hulled Argonaut Jr. It was 14 feet long with a four foot beam. Built entirely by hand it had two layers of yellow pine boards that sandwiched a rubberized canvas sheath that made it watertight. It had no engine or means of propulsion. It would sink to the bottom and rest on its wheels. Operators inside would hand crank the wheels to move it along the bottom. It also had a diver lock-out chamber. More than anything else it was a proof of concept vessel that gained Lake enough recognition that he was able to secure funding for a much more ambitious follow-on vessel.
In 2010, an Oklahoma couple built a fully functional replica of the Argonaut Jr. and successfully tested it in a local lake. They did an amazing job for amateurs and their boat looks incredible. For their full story go to their website here.
Argonaut I
Photo from the book The Submarine in War and Peace by Simon Lake, courtesy of Project Gutenberg.
Having secured investor funding, Lake built a follow-on vessel that he named simply Argonaut. It was a tremendous advance over the primitive Argonaut Jr. 36 feet long with a 9 foot beam and metal hulled, it was powered by a 30 hp White & Middleton gasoline engine. It also proved to be amazingly seaworthy, racking up over 2,000 miles of surface and submerged running, including an open-ocean transit from Cape May to Sandy Hook, NJ. It had wheels for rolling along the bottom and again a diver lockout chamber. From a military standpoint Lake marketed it as being able to stealthily enter a minefield, send a diver out, and cut mine cables. The same diver would also be able to gather intelligence on other underwater defenses and conduct salvage work. It had no other offensive capability.
This photo shows Argonaut I on the building ways at the Columbian Iron Works, summer of 1896. The facility was at Locust Point, near Fort McHenry, in Baltimore, Maryland. The large forward wheels and view ports at the bow are very apparent. Just below the forward view ports and between the wooden cribbing would be the diver's hatch.
Photo from the old simonlake.com site, now on the Internet Archive
Lake quickly realized the limitations of the original Argonaut design. In late 1898 he took the boat in hand for extensive modifications. Significantly, he lengthened the boat by 24 feet, and installed a much more powerful 60 hp White & Middleton engine, with a smaller four hp auxiliary engine as a supplement. With the idea that the boat would be routinely capable of off shore operations he also completely rebuilt the superstructure topside, giving it a rounded schooner shape. This superstructure would make the boat far more seaworthy while surfaced, but would be free-flooding while submerged. The two large front wheels were reduced in size (not yet installed in this view) and a pressure proof searchlight was added to the lower bow.
Renamed Argonaut II, this photo shows the boat in her new guise, hauled out in 1899 near the end of the modification period. This is likely at the J.N. Robins Co. yard in Brooklyn, NY where the conversion work was done, although the background seems to be somewhat suspect. The lengthened rounded pressure hull is visible below the new superstructure.
Note the complete lack of diving planes. Without them it would be very nearly impossible to control the boat while submerged. However, Lake's standard operating procedure was to sail on the surface to his operating area, released anchors from the bottom of the boat, trim it to neutral or slightly negative buoyancy, then pull it down to the bottom. It would then roll along the bottom on its wheels to the work site.
Photo from the book The Submarine in War and Peace by Simon Lake, courtesy of Project Gutenberg.
Lake's Protector on the building ways at the Lake yard in Bridgeport, CT., summer 1901. One of her two 18-inch bow torpedo tubes can be seen on the left, with the single stern tube just visible on the right. The two port side midships diving planes are visible at the edge of the superstructure, protected by guards. The large squared conning tower is amidships. This is not a fairwater but the actual pressurized conning tower itself. Not seen in this photo are the two retractable wheels mounted on the keel for bottom running. The lower hatch for the diver's lockout chamber is similarly hidden in this view, on the keel below the bow torpedo tubes.
Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman. MAY NOT be reproduced without permission.
After selling Protector to the Russians, Simon Lake headed to Europe for several years, designing and building submarines for Austria and Russia. Lake returned to the states in 1906, goaded into building a submarine for demonstration to the Navy by the 1906 Naval Appropriations Bill that allocated $500,000 in funds for submarines. The result was this submarine, initially called Simon Lake XV, then simply Lake. Entered into the competition against the Electric Boat design Octopus (Submarine No. 9), the Lake lost the competition. Refusing to give up Lake rebuilt the boat into a salvage vessel and renamed it Defender. It is a strange tale and the whole story can be read at the article at this link.
This photo shows the Lake moored during the 1906 competition with the Octopus. Her broad, flat deck is quite apparent. Note the unusual oblong torpedo loading hatch and the guard rails protecting the amidships diving planes. She had a helm atop the conning tower and a type of a periscope that Simon Lake called an "omniscope".
This is a very rare photo that is exclusive to PigBoats.COM. Originally it was a postcard that was acquired by Ric Hedman. It had black postal marks on it that partially obscured the image. After being scanned electronically it was painstakingly restored by PigBoats associate Matthew Tripp. The result is an unique look into American submarine history.
A still from the Mustard Channel video "What Happened to the Nautilus?", courtesy of the Mustard Channel
In July, 1930, renowned explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins, the leader of the Wilkins-Ellsworth Trans-Arctic Expedition, contracted with Simon Lake to convert one of his O-class submarines that he had built for the Navy to a submarine capable of exploring under the Arctic sea ice, with the intention of going all the way to the North Pole. The Navy leased the decommissioned ex-USS O-12 (SS-73) to the expedition and she was taken in hand by Lake to be converted into a boat capable of the audacious task. After completion of extensive modifications in the summer, fall, and winter of 1930/31, Wilkins and his all-civilian crew lead by Sloan Danenhower (a former USN submarine captain and now an associate of Lake's) took the boat, renamed Nautilus, to the Arctic and made an attempt to reach the pole. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the story of the expedition is one of grit and determination, and an exciting story of exploration.
PigBoats.COM has a collection of drawings and photographs of the boat and the men who sailed her to the Arctic, along with a link to an excellent video that covers the expedition in depth. Those can be found here. In addition, Ric has recreated verbatim a newspaper article written by Sloan Danenhower in March 1931 that describes the technical aspects of the Nautilus and their plans for the voyage.
Explorer
Although the Lake Torpedo Boat Company had closed its doors for good in 1924, Simon Lake continued to tinker with underwater technology projects for the remainder of his life. This boat is called Explorer and was a privately funded project by Lake built in 1932. It was strictly for exploration and salvage and was not a military craft. Going back to his roots Lake equipped it with wheels and a diver lockout chamber. It also had a mechanical arm to gather samples. It was very small and limited in its performance, and had its power and air supplied by a hose and cable connection to a mother ship on the surface. It was really a semi-mobile diving chamber as opposed to a full submarine. Noted naturalist and oceanographer Dr. William Beebe made a dive in her in 1933. Not much else is known about how this boat was used, and it eventually fell into obscurity after Lake's death in 1945. It was eventually rescued and restored, and is currently on display in Milford, CT. For more information on the Explorer, please see this link.
