V-4

Design, Construction, and Naming Notes

During WWI the Imperial German Navy had used specially built minelaying submarines to great effect. If your enemy did not know the minefield was present, it was all the more effective at sinking ships. Submarine Force advocates strongly lobbied the Navy's General Board to get them to include a specialized minelayer into what was becoming the experimental V-class. With the first three boats becoming prototype fleet submarines, V-4 became the minelayer, although her design ended up being a hybrid of long-range anti-commerce cruiser and minelayer.

V-4 was a giant. At 381 feet long and a displacement of 3,046 tons submerged her size would not be exceeded by a USN submarine until the nuclear-powered USS Triton (SSRN-586) of 1955. Her great size was dictated by the need to achieve long range. Only a very large submarine would be able to carry the fuel necessary to span the Atlantic and Pacific in search of the enemy's merchantmen. V-4 was also to be equipped with the largest caliber gun ever installed on a USN submarine, two 6"/53 caliber Mk 17 guns, one forward and one aft of the conning tower fairwater in open mounts.

Her great range enabled V-4 to go to an enemy's coastline and lay an effective minefield. The minelaying gear was unique to the boat, and it occupied the after end. Space was provided for sixty huge Mk 11 mines and specialized, automatic, hydraulically operated handling gear. The mines were launched from two large aft facing tubes, and the mines could be laid while the boat was completely submerged. She also was equipped with four 21-inch torpedo tubes forward, with a capacity of 20 Mk 14 torpedoes.

During the construction of V-4, the Navy began to experiment with welding. This new and as-yet unproven process was used in certain non-critical areas like superstructure framing, pipe brackets, and interior deck joinery. The remainder of her construction was traditional riveting. The Navy's attitude towards this potential paradigm shift in submarine construction remained rather tepid for the next six years as they gained confidence in this radical change, and as they worked out labor and organizational issues. Please read this article that deals with this important subject.

All of the V-boats, but especially the huge V-4, suffered from an underdeveloped diesel engine industrial base in the United States. The industry was still in its infancy in the U.S., and the Navy was forced to rely on license-built derivations of German MAN company designs. The V-4 was definitely underpowered, with her plant consisting of two direct drive 1,400 hp BuEng/MAN main propulsion diesels, and one 450 hp BuEng/MAN generator engine. The Navy specified 15 knots for this boat, and she struggled to make that.

Once commissioned the Navy got a chance to try her out. The minelaying gear proved to be finicky and difficult to maintain and the minelaying role was ultimately unpopular with the force. V-4 was a slow diver with sluggish underwater maneuverability and her engines were not reliable. Despite this, the boat provided good service to the fleet during the 1930's. On February 19, 1931 she was renamed Argonaut. Noted historian John D. Alden maintains that she was never officially redesignated into the general SS series (her hull number would have been 166), and has stated that she remained designated SM-1 until September 22, 1942. However, the authors have uncovered photos of her from the late 1930's that show her with 166 painted on the side of her fairwater. This would not have been done without official approval, and therefore the official redesignation is likely true. It is possible that the otherwise meticulous Alden simply missed the document concerning her redesignation during his research, or it had been destroyed or lost and was not available to him.

By the start of the war she was worn out and in need of a thorough overhaul. An early 1942 yard period at Mare Island completely reconditioned the boat, giving her new General Motors engines, air conditioning, a torpedo data computer, radar, longer periscopes, and two aft facing topside torpedo tubes. At that time it was felt that she could still prove useful as a minelayer so her aft minelaying gear was retained. She arrived back in Pearl Harbor in early August just in time to be assigned to the Makin Island raid, where it was realized her great size would enable her to carry dozens of Marines. The Pearl Harbor Navy Yard hurriedly stripped most of the mine handling gear from the after rooms and installed numerous bunks for the Marines. This capability gave her a new lease on life and on September 22, 1942 she was redesignated APS-1 (Auxiliary Transport Submarine) to reflect this new mission.

The needs of the war effort forced the Navy to send her on general patrol duties, where her great size and barge-like maneuverability placed her at a disadvantage when dealing with the nimble Japanese destroyers. She made several war patrols before being caught by an IJN anti-submarine force off New Britain. She was sunk in battle in a combined depth charge and gunnery attack. 105 officers and men remain on eternal patrol.

Note: At the start of the war, the Navy had approximately 200 Mk 11 mines in their inventory, mines that had been specifically designed for this boat. Argonaut never laid a minefield in wartime, and what became of the unique Mk 11 mines is not known at this time. See this page for more information on this subject.

V-4 (SM-1) about ready to launch, aproximately November 6, 1927. The yard has yet to 'dress ship' for the occasion, meaning draping the signal flags from the top of the periscope to the bow and stern and hoisting the Union Jack and American Flag. She was launched on November 10, 1927, probably a few days away, at Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine. V-4 was the USN's only purpose-built minelaying submarine, and was the largest submarine built for the USN until the nuclear powered USS Triton (SSRN-586) of 1959.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4 (SM-1) on launch day November 10, 1927 at Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine. Her two 40-inch aft minelaying tubes can be seen under her stern just above the rudder. She was designed to carry up to 60 of the Mk 11 type mines.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4 slides down the ways, November 10, 1927. When launched she became the largest submarine in the world at 381 feet in length and a 33½ foot beam. She would weight 3,046 tons on the surface and 4,164 tons submerged. She remained the largest US built submarine until the nuclear-powered USS Triton (SSRN-586) of 1955.

Photo courtesy of Navsource.org and the Boston Herald-Traveler

V-4 is now waterborne for the first time in the Piscataqua River, November 10, 1927. She is free of the cradle and drag chains are slowing her down. The tugs in the foreground will quickly move to tie up and move her to the fitting out pier.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4 post launch, November 10, 1927. Tugs are taking her in tow to remove her to the fitting out pier at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4 post launch, November 10, 1927 taken from another angle. The Navy tug USS Mohave (AT-15), with her stern to the camera is one of two tugs assigned to maneuver 381-foot behemoth to the fitting out pier. The other tug is not identified.

A number of interesting things are seen and happening in this photo. The launch is complete and the signal flags are coming down. The flags forward of the conning tower are being gathered up. The after string of flags is being loosened. A Bi-pod of boards supported the after string. A man has climbed to a cross brace to free them. A man stands behind him to steady him. A Chief or Officer is on the stern inspecting and ensuring that all is satisfactory.

The dark triangle seen between the tugs is the forward gun sponson. There is a similar one behind the conning tower hidden by the Mohave. The Mohave itself has just applied forward thrust to is propeller as evidenced by the wash seen at her stern. The white "splash" seen at the waterline at the side of Mohave is the outlet for the cooling water for the tugs' boiler.

The tug all the way to the left is taking charge of the building cradle seen floating next to it. A crew in a small boat is assisting.

Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

V-4 and the USS O-2 (SS-63) in dry dock together, March 29, 1928. V-4 has not yet been commissioned, and was put into the dock for needed work prior to delivery. The dock is being flooded through ports in the dry dock gates at the rear of the image. The V-4 at that time was the largest submarine in the world at 381 feet long and the O-2 had a length of 172 feet, 209 feet shorter than the V-4! The rapid advance in submarine technology in just ten years is nothing short of amazing.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4 precommissioning drydocking, March 29, 1928.The dock has been flooded, the caisson removed, and V-4 is about to exit the dry dock. O-2 has already been pulled out to go back to her mooring. V-4's number one torpedo tube outer door can be just above the waterline. It looks like V-4's periscopes have not yet been installed.

U.S. Navy photo

April 2, 1928, Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, ME. V-4 has been completed and the yard is ready to turn her over to the Navy. The crew and distinguished guest have been assembled on the aft deck, a Navy band is in place, and the National Ensign and the Union Jack is raised for the first time from the flag and jack staffs. The officer in the center slauting is likely LCDR William M. Quigley, the Commanding Officer. He has just read the orders from the Navy Department placing the ship in commission.

U.S. Navy photo

This photo was taken just a few moments after the one above, showing the commissioning ceremony for the USS V-4 on April 2, 1928. The sailor at the flagstaff on the stern is now saluting. At least two motion picture men have moved their cameras into place to get good shots of the ceremony.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4 at Portsmouth, shortly after her commissioning, approximately spring 1928. There appears to be a large vertical tube mounted in the after deck. This looks to be the exhaust stack from the boat's heating boiler mounted in the aft end of the engine room. This is seen in line drawings but never seen in photographs before. Behind this "exhaust duct" can be seen the after 6"/53 caliber deck gun.

Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

Probably the most prominent feature in this close up is the brace-like structure built to support the aft ends of the long wire radio antennas. Radio was barely 25 years old as a technology and improvements were being worked on all the time. Note also the open hatch to the mine room.

Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

One of V-4's officers, LTjg John A. Hollowell is showing some of the new salvage and rescue equipment installed on this boat. These two valves on the side of the fairwater can be used by divers to send air to the forward and after group ballast tanks from the boat's own high pressure air flasks. The right-hand valve says "FOR'D GROUP" and the valve handle has one hole in it so divers can identify it in the dark or murky waters. The left-hand valve says "AIR OPEN SALVAGE" with a direction arrow through OPEN, this valve is for the AFT GROUP and has two holes. Divers can feel these holes and know which valve they are touching. You can see on the inside of the valve handle the words "BALLAST TANKS". This photo was taken June 26, 1928.

U.S. Navy photo

Here, LTjg Hollowell is showing the external salvage air valve for the Officer's Quarters Compartment that is located on the fore deck of submarine. Divers can use this to send air to that space using air from an external air source. Photo taken June 26, 1928.

U.S. Navy photo

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Two views of V-4's foreward 6"/53 caliber Mk 17 gun. The ammunition hoist for sending the 6" projectile and powder bag up to the deck can be seen sticking out of the deck to the left. The barrel tampion can be seen in the barrel muzzle and the brace for supporting the end of the barrel is lying flat on the deck. The 'luggage' seen against the conning tower are probably equipment cases for the photographers and film crews along for the ride.

U.S. Navy photos

V-4 seen here, about seven months after her commissioning, November 26, 1928, assigned to Submarine Squadron 12 at Naval Station Newport, RI. A large crane has a cable lowered into the superstructure and possibly, through a "soft patch", into the machinery spaces of the submarine. The submarine has mounted its own Kingpost and boom to help with the work.

Just to the left of the door in the side of the fairwater is the after ammunition hoist. The shells for the guns were brought up from below this way. The shell and propellent powder bags were separate due to the weight involved. This made for easier and quicker handling.

the stern navigation light is mounted on the aft rail. The mooring lines are run through the after towing fairlead and lead to a set of bitts mounted on the aft deck.

Original News photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman.

A closeup of the photo above, showing detail of the aft deck and the work being done there. This also give a better view of the port side aft ammunition hoist.

Original News photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman.

A photo taken from V-4's bridge, showing the forward deck. The location is not certain, but we are speculating that this was taken in Newport, R.I. during a civilian visit day, fall of 1928. There are numerous civilians on deck, including women and children. Everyone seems to be in a relaxed mood. Strangely, two enlisted sailors (middle left) are in dress white uniforms while everyone else are in blues. In the lower right two sailors and a civilian boy are leaning against or sitting on the lifelines. Generally, this is not an advisable to thing to do, as it is easy to lose your balance and fall over the side. In the center, the fully raised #1 periscope is prominently visible.

Original photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

V-4 begins a dive for her endurance trials on June 21, 1928 off Provincetown, Massachusetts on the measured mile submarine course laid out just off the town. The following sequence shows the progress of her dive over the course of about one minute, followed by a series of her returning to the surface.

Her gun deck with her two 6"/53 caliber guns is just awash and the conning tower fairwater access are filling with water. The little splash of water seen just to the right of the forward fairwater access is coming from the ammunition hoist as it goes under water.

The short periscope at the front of the conning tower is the #1 periscope. It is offset to starboard by four feet off the center line (note its location in subsequent photos below) and is a short 'scope to be used before surfacing to check for obstacles. This periscope was later removed as unnecessary. The submarine had two centerline mounted regular periscopes that gave full visibility. These periscopes were all raised by electric motors and used a chain drive like a motorcycle type chain. They were very noisy. If you get a chance to see the 1931 movie "Seas Beneath" you can see and hear them in operation plus see some interior images of the submarine.

The ship's whistle can be seen sticking out at the front of the fairwater midway between the step and the top.

Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

V-4 is now a little deeper in the water. Notice that even at full extension the #1 scope barely cleared the antenna wires and the support brackets on the bridge. This periscope would not have been used at periscope depth as the boat would have to nearly broach the top of the fairwater to get the head above the waves. As stated before it was used to search the surface for obstacles as the boat came to periscope depth, and it was used by the Quartermasters and the Navigator after surfacing to take navigational fixes while near land.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4 now has her conning tower fairwater nearly fully under during her trials of Provincetown, MA. on June 21, 1928. It is surprising to note that the searchlight was left topside. This may have been an error or a lapse in diving procedures. Normally the non-pressure proof searchlights would have been taken below prior to diving.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4 off Provincetown, MA. surfacing after endurance trials, June 21, 1928. She set a diving record for a U.S. submarine at that time, going down to a depth of 318 feet. Her deck is still awash here, and at this point the crew would start low pressure blowers to force extra air into the ballast tanks to fully expend all the remaining water in them and restore surface trim.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4's deck is now above water, but she is still below her normal surface trim line. She was a big boat with big tanks, so the process of fully emptying the ballast tanks could take several minutes.

U.S. Navy photo

Now fully surfaced and at her normal surface trim, V-4 continues with her June 21, 1929 trials voyage. The 252 foot tall Pilgrim Monument can be seen in the background. You may notice the large dark square at the waterline near the bow. This is the housing for the bow planes. The planes are still rigged out. In later photos you will see this area filled by the bow planes.

Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

A fine starboard side shot of V-4 at the conclusion of an endurance trial off Provincetown, MA. on June 21, 1929. Notice in this photo that her bow planes have been rigged in, finishing the process of surfacing.

U.S. Navy photo

This is one of the first photos collected by Ric Hedman of the V-4. Unfortunately, the photo quality is not good, but we are speculating that it was taken in 1928 while V-4 was stationed in Newport, R.I.

Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

Another early PigBoats photo of V-4, also likely in Newport, R.I. in 1928.

Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

V-4 proceeds down the East River while on her way to San Diego, Ca. The New York City waterfront makes a dramatic backdrop for this photo passing under the Brooklyn Bridge on her way to sea from the Brooklyn Navy Yard. She left Newport, R.I. on February 26, 1929 and arrived in San Diego on March 23, 1929. She was assigned to Division 20, Submarine Divisions, Battle Fleet, at San Diego.

U.S. Navy photo

On her voyage from the U.S. east coast to San Diego in February/March 1929, V-4 had to pass through the Panama Canal. This nice photo shows her in the Gaillard Cut (now called the Culebra Cut), a narrow valley excavated through the Culebra Mountain Ridge. It was a tremendous engineering feat, and was originally quite narrow, only 300 feet wide. It has been progressively widened over the years, both to accommodate larger ships and to deal with ongoing landslides that threatened to close the Cut. The shapes on the shore are navigational range markers. When the various shapes lined up you were "on the range", and thus in safe, navigable waters.

U.S. Navy photo

V-4, and two EB design S-class submarines moored in San Diego, October, 1929 with full dress ship for Navy Day. USS S-44 (SS-155) is moored outboard, with another 40 series S-boat inboard. Almost unseen in the background is the United States' first aircraft carrier, the USS Langley (CV-1), steaming past from left to right. The smoke from her stacks can be seen trailing off to the right.

U.S. Navy photo

Another view head on of the above photo showing the V-4 and the S-44, far right, and an unidentified S-boat moored in the middle, for a Navy Day open house in San Diego Harbor, October 1929.

Seen in the lower left corner of the photo is one of the V-4's two launches. These were stored under the deck on the bow just aft of the forward torpedo room escape trunk. One was a rowing boat and the other a motorized launch. This is the motor launch.

Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman

A fine study of V-4 underway on a nice sunny day in the Pacific, circa 1930. Exact location unknown. There is slack water on the starboard side aft, indicating that the boat is making a slow turn to starboard, perhaps in preparation to moor alongside a tender.

U.S. Navy photo

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