The August 7, 1942 landing of United States Marines on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida Islands in the southern Solomons chain was the first major land offensive of the Pacific war. These landings were strategically important as they satisfied the perceived need to secure allied Australia's northern flank. To try to give the allied forces engaged in the Solomons the best chance of success, a plan was hastily drawn up for a diversionary raid against Makin Island in the Marshalls chain, approximately 1300 miles to the northeast of Guadalcanal. It was hoped that the Japanese would move forces to the Marshalls, thereby draining forces away from the Solomons. Secondary purposes of the raid were to gather experience in amphibious assaults, to gather intelligence on Japanese forces, and to gather prisoners for interrogation.
Companies A and B of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion were chosen for the raid, a total of 211 men. They were led by the charismatic LtCol Evans F. Carlson, a WWI, Nicaragua, and China veteran. One of Carlson's officers was Captain James Roosevelt, son of the President. Secrecy was important, so the plan had the Raiders transported to Makin on two of the huge old V-boats, Nautilus (SS-168) and Argonaut (SM-1). After a short period of periscope beach reconnaissance, the Marines were to be landed via outboard engine powered rubber inflatable boats. Once ashore they were to engage and kill as many of the Japanese garrison troops as possible, take prisoners if feasible, gather intelligence, and destroy any military facilities. The submarines got underway from Pearl Harbor on August 8, 1942 (the day after the Guadalcanal landings) and arrived off Makin on August 16. The assault was planned for the next morning.
The Marines encountered considerable difficulties in embarking on the rubber boats from the side of the rolling submarines. Boats were overturned and engines swamped. They eventually headed off to the beach, got reorganized, and attacked their objectives. Nautilus stood by in support, lobbing 65 rounds from her big 6-inch guns into the lagoon, striking a small freighter and a patrol craft, although later analysis could not confirm any sinkings. The return to the submarines after the raid was equally chaotic, requiring significant effort and risk by both the Marines and the submarine crews. In the end, 30 Marines were not accounted for and believed dead (in fact, nine were still alive and were captured; they were later executed). The submarines set sail for Hawaii, carefully tending to numerous wounded Marines. They arrived in Pearl Harbor to a hero's welcome.
While over half of the Japanese garrison was killed by the Raiders and valuable experience in amphibious landings was obtained, the raid for the most part did not achieve its objectives. The Japanese did not take the bait and little if any enemy forces were diverted from the Solomons. Later, realizing their vulnerabilities in the Marshalls, the Japanese reinforced all of the island garrisons there, turning the later invasion of Tarawa into a bloodbath and a Marine legend. The final legacy of the raid is mixed, and historians have debated this point for decades. For further information, we encourage you to read the articles at the links below:
A periscope photo taken from the Nautilus of Makin Island before Marines landed on the beaches. The intention to land on two separate beaches was canceled at the last minute and all but 12 Marines landed together. Those 12 landed on an originally planned landing site not knowing of the change of plans.
U.S. Navy photo
Sgt. Walter Carroll and Pfc. Dean Winters in Nautilus' crew's mess prior to the landing. A Nautilus crewmen stands at the right. The Marine on the left is standing before a deck access ladder, probably in the crew's mess. Carroll's status is not known. Winters survived the raid after a harrowing adventure, almost missing the Nautilus. He is in the photo below.
U.S. Navy photo
Smoke from damage and fires rises from Makin Island after the Marine assault and from 6 inch shells fired from the Nautilus' guns at targets on the island and in the lagoon. Reports from Marines indicated that two ships, a small freighter and a patrol boat, had been sunk, but later analysis could not confirm these sinkings.
At 0703 AM she provided gunfire support against enemy positions on Ukiangong Point and then shelled the enemy ships in the lagoon. At 1039, an enemy plane appeared and Nautilus dove. Two aerial attacks followed at 1130 and another at 1255 keeping her down.
U.S. Navy photo
Marines in the crew's mess of Nautilus after the raid. The Marine holding the Japanese rifle is Pfc. Dean Winters, seen in the photo above. The rifle is an Arisaka Type 99 7.7mm. It is a bolt action rifle with a 5-round internal box magazine. It was the standard rifle of the Japanese armed services for most of the war. Webmaster David Johnston has an example in his personal possession. It was an excellent weapon when first developed in the late 1930's, but its design was reflective of the Japanese adherence to tradition. The bolt action limited the rate of fire and the magazine had to be reloaded round by round. It had an awkward dust cover over the bolt when closed, and working the action caused this dust cover to make a distinctive noise that would give away the shooter's position. The safety was an odd twist type, instead of the more accepted lever type. It was also long and heavy and awkward to carry in combat, especially for shorter men in jungle environments. It was far outclassed by the U.S. military's M1 Garand.
Interior photos of Nautilus are very rare. Despite its size it was still tight quarters, especially with 200+ Marines aboard.
U.S. Navy photo
After the raid two other Marines pose for the camera. The man on the left is holding what looks to be a M1911A1 .45 caliber pistol and probably a captured Japanese rifle. Both look tired.
After the raid Japanese records say that of the 71 Japanese on the island only 27 were alive when reinforcements arrived.
U.S. Navy photo
A wounded Marine, possibly an officer, sits in the wardroom of the Nautilus with a glass milk or juice on the table. Both Nautilus and Argonaut received injured men, and caring for them proved difficult during the transit back to Pearl Harbor.
U.S. Navy photo
LtCol. Evans Carlson, C.O. of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion, standing in the same space as photographed above, looking the worse for wear, still dressed in his assault uniform. Carlson was an experienced and capable officer, having seen combat in WWI and Nicaragua, and held the exalted status of a China Marine of the old 4th Marine Regiment. He was charismatic with a forceful personality, and held the ear of the Roosevelts. Indeed, Captain James Roosevelt, the President's son, was one of his officers during this raid. Carlson went on to distinguished service on Guadalcanal.
U.S. Navy photo
The Argonaut approaching the dock at Submarine Base Pearl Harbor after she and Nautilus returned from the Makin Island raid with "Carlson's Raiders".
Between the end of the dock and the bow of Argonaut you can see the bow of the Nautilus, headed to the opposite side of the pier. A Marine honor guard is on the pier along with a Navy Band and the Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, USN.
National Archives photo
The huge old Argonaut pulls up to the pier at Submarine Base Pearl Harbor, August 26, 1942. The number of Marines on Argonaut's deck emphasizes her size. Just before this raid, Argonaut had returned to the war zone from an overhaul in California. During this overhaul she received numerous repairs and upgrades, including radar. Above the heads of the officers on the bridge, the SJ surface search radar can be seen.
National Archives photo
Nautilus (left) and Argonaut (right) moored at Submarine Base Pearl Harbor, August 26, 1942 at the conclusion of the Makin Island raid. Their arrival generated a lot of interest and the Navy/Marine Corps took full advantage of the boost in morale the raid gave to the nation.
Photo courtesy of Robert Hurst via Navsource.org
Crew and Marines muster on deck as the "Brass" show up to welcome everyone home. Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT) stands in the center amid a group of probably squadron and division commanders and aides. On the left wearing the garrison cap is LtCol Carlson. Next to the right is most likely Submarine Squadron Four C.O., Commander John H. "Babe" Brown, Jr. Nautilus was assigned to SubRon 4. The Marine wearing the helmet with his back to the camera is not known, but it is possible that he is Captain James Roosevelt. The officer facing Nimitz with the sunglasses in unknown. On the far right the officer looking at the camera is Rear Admiral Robert H. English, Commander Submarine Force Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC).
U.S. Navy photo
A mixture of Navy and Marines pose for a photo on the Nautilus after the raid on Makin Island. Being stuck in the small vessel together probably resulted in some good friendships.
Middle row all the way to the right is one of the two Filipino Stewards Mates. There was also an African American Mess Attendant assigned to the submarine.
U.S. Navy photo
The Nautilus at Pearl Harbor after they returned from the Makin Island raid with "Carlson's Raiders". The crew are mustered on deck and a Japanese flag captured by the Raiders and presented to the crew is flying from the muzzle of the aft 6"/53 caliber deck gun. The rail surrounding the aft deck gun platform can be seen the foreground. The photo was too large for our scanner so we had to 'stitch' it together. The officer at left is thought to be LCDR William H. Brockman, Jr. who was the commanding officer of the Nautilus for the raid. The Chief Petty Officer in the right foreground is believed to be Chief Electricians Mate Foy Hester who rode Nautilus for her first 13 war patrols.
Photo in the private collection of Ric Hedman
A Marine Raider, injured during the Makin operation, is lifted through a hatch on the Argonaut to be taken ashore at Pearl Harbor, 26 August 1942. Though the crew are being as careful as they can the man is in obvious pain from his injuries. Submarine hatches are not made for easy removal of the injured. It is interesting to note that a civilian is assisting with the Marine's removal. Perhaps he is a civilian doctor, as military doctors may have been in short supply at that point in the war. It is also possible that he was a newspaper reporter who was covering the event and he pitched in to help.
National Archives photo
A Nautilus crewman paints a rising sun and a hash mark on one of the two 6"/53 caliber deck guns representing the vessels believed to be sunk at Makin Island with her guns. At least one small freighter and a patrol boat were hit in the action by Nautilus' gunnery, but later analysis could not confirm that either sank.
